Simon Schwartzman

Sisyphus

The Construction of a Scientific Community

The Quest for Science

Science, Technology, and the Professions

An Outline

The European Heritage

Major Themes

The New Universities

Portugal and Modern Science

The Counter reform

The Pombal Reform

State, Church, and Education in Brazil

Projects for a Brazilian University

Imperial Science

Colonial Science: The Naturalists

Imperial Science: The Nineteenth Century

Higher Education

Engineering and Mines

Medicine and Surgery

Imperial Science in Perspective

The "Brazilian Enlightenment"

From Traditional Astronomy to Modern Mathematics

From Sanitary Medicine to Biomedical Research

Geological Research and Economic Nationalism

São Paulo Takes the Leadership

"Educação Nova" and the Catholic Church

The Search for Alternatives

The Francisco Campos Reform

A Liberal Project: The Universidade do Distrito Federal

A Model to be followed: the Universidade do Brasil

A New Elite for a New Nation: The Universidade de São Paulo

From Agronomy to Genetics

Out of Manguinhos: The New Institutes of Biological Research

Chemistry: Limits and Possibilities of the German Model

Gleb Wataghin and Cosmic Ray Physics

The War Effort

Postwar Developments

The Pioneers

Second Generation: Beginnings of Professionalization

Second Generation: The Hard Sciences

Modern Scientists: The Third Generation

Sources of Financial Support

The Rockefeller Foundation in Brazil

Centralized Administration and Scientific Research

Scientists as Intelligentsia

Nuclear Energy and the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas

The New Elite Universities

Expansion of Higher Education

Science and Tecnology for Economic Development

The 1968 Reform of Higher Education

The New Graduate Programs

High Technology Institutions

Big Science and High Technology

Freshness and Decay

Politics: From Military to Civilian Rule

Mass Higher Education

Techology and Economics

The Demon