{"id":7770,"date":"2026-05-08T08:22:58","date_gmt":"2026-05-08T11:22:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.schwartzman.org.br\/sitesimon\/?p=7770"},"modified":"2026-05-08T08:23:08","modified_gmt":"2026-05-08T11:23:08","slug":"vida-e-morte-das-universidades","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.schwartzman.org.br\/sitesimon\/vida-e-morte-das-universidades\/","title":{"rendered":"Vida e Morte das Universidades"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Publicado em<em> O Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo<\/em>, 8 de maio de 2026)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em artigo recente, os economistas David Cutler e Edward Glaeser tratam de explicar como as universidades t\u00eam sido capazes de existir por mais de mil anos, e o papel importante que elas desempenharam e ainda desempenham em v\u00e1rias partes do mundo (&#8220;How Have Universities Survived for Nearly a Millennium&#8221;, <em>NBER Working Paper<\/em> 35079, 2026). O segredo, dizem eles, est\u00e1 na combina\u00e7\u00e3o entre uma cooperativa de professores, com autonomia substancial sobre ensino e pesquisa, e entidades externas de financiamento e controle \u2014 Igreja, governos, fil\u00e2ntropos, empres\u00e1rios, doadores. Eles t\u00eam interesses diferentes, mas que convergem. Os professores querem um lugar onde tenham liberdade para exercitar sua curiosidade, desenvolver e expor suas ideias sem se preocupar com de onde vem o dinheiro; e os controladores querem um lugar para onde possam mandar seus jovens e os melhores profissionais sejam formados. Cada um precisa ceder um pouco. Os professores precisam gastar tempo dando aulas e n\u00e3o exagerar em suas liberdades, a ponto de os controladores cortarem seus recursos; e os controladores precisam se cuidar para n\u00e3o for\u00e7ar os professores a fazer o que n\u00e3o querem, matando a galinha de ovos de ouro. Com o tempo, as universidades foram crescendo e se transformando pelos dois lados, instalando laborat\u00f3rios e infraestrutura de pesquisa, organizando museus e atividades culturais, entrando em competi\u00e7\u00f5es esportivas, e desenvolvendo pesquisas de interesse civil e militar. \u00c9 esta multiplicidade de fun\u00e7\u00f5es e interesses que faz com que as universidades se mantenham e flores\u00e7am.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Como \u00e0s vezes acontece, os economistas redescobrem e organizam de forma elegante ideias que j\u00e1 eram conhecidas entre cientistas sociais que estudaram estas quest\u00f5es. Um deles, Burton R. Clark, desenvolveu um modelo tamb\u00e9m simples e elegante da coordena\u00e7\u00e3o das universidades que ficou conhecido como o &#8220;Tri\u00e2ngulo de Clark&#8221; (Clark, B. R., <em>The Higher Education System: Academic Organization in Cross-National Perspective<\/em>, University of California Press, 1983). Neste modelo, as universidades contempor\u00e2neas vivem dentro de um tri\u00e2ngulo com tr\u00eas v\u00e9rtices: o governo, a corpora\u00e7\u00e3o acad\u00eamica e o mercado, formado pelos estudantes e empresas que contratam seus servi\u00e7os. Cada um puxa e pressiona para seu lado, e as universidades se aproximam de um ou outro v\u00e9rtice conforme a for\u00e7a de cada um. O interessante deste modelo \u00e9 que ele permite entender como as universidades podem ser diferentes conforme o pa\u00eds e&nbsp; se transformar ao longo do tempo, movendo-se conforme varia a for\u00e7a de cada polo. E, tal como Cutler e Glaeser, mostra que as melhores e mais duradouras universidades s\u00e3o as que conseguem n\u00e3o ser dominadas por nenhum dos polos, aproveitando as vantagens e recursos de cada um. Universidades aut\u00f4nomas n\u00e3o s\u00e3o as que s\u00e3o controladas por suas corpora\u00e7\u00f5es internas, mas as que t\u00eam capacidade de se movimentar dentro do tri\u00e2ngulo buscando onde possam maximizar os diferentes interesses sem perder a for\u00e7a vital de seus professores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nestas movimenta\u00e7\u00f5es, muitas institui\u00e7\u00f5es criadas para fins pr\u00e1ticos acabam se tornando mais acad\u00eamicas, em um processo conhecido como <em>academic drift<\/em>, ou deriva acad\u00eamica. Um autor ingl\u00eas, Jonathan Harwood, explica este processo pela hierarquia de status que existe no campo acad\u00eamico, que d\u00e1 mais prest\u00edgio e recursos para os cientistas que fazem pesquisa b\u00e1sica do que para os que se dedicam ao ensino ou a trabalhos aplicados (&#8220;Understanding Academic Drift: On the Institutional Dynamics of Higher Technical and Professional Education&#8221;, <em>Minerva<\/em>, 48, 2010). Estes desvios de fun\u00e7\u00e3o podem ter resultados positivos, como por exemplo em centros de pesquisa em agricultura que se envolveram em pesquisas acad\u00eamicas sobre gen\u00e9tica, e acabaram por revolucionar o campo das ci\u00eancias agr\u00e1rias; ou negativos, como parece ter ocorrido com os antigos Centros Federais de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnol\u00f3gica brasileiros, que, ao serem elevados \u00e0 condi\u00e7\u00e3o em institutos universit\u00e1rios em 2008, se transformaram, de boas escolas t\u00e9cnicas, em institui\u00e7\u00f5es que hoje se dedicam sobretudo a formar bachar\u00e9is e professores do ensino m\u00e9dio como tantas outras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Muitas institui\u00e7\u00f5es, no entanto, nem sobrevivem nem se transformam, mas simplesmente decaem. Quem, olhando para a Am\u00e9rica Latina, descreveu este mecanismo meio s\u00e9culo atr\u00e1s foi o economista Albert Hirschman (<em>Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States<\/em>, Harvard University Press, 1970). Quando institui\u00e7\u00f5es perdem efici\u00eancia e est\u00e3o sujeitas \u00e0s regras do mercado, as pessoas se afastam delas, e elas desaparecem. Quando elas s\u00e3o p\u00fablicas e desempenham fun\u00e7\u00f5es indispens\u00e1veis, as pessoas protestam, os governos v\u00eam em seu socorro, e elas renascem. O pior \u00e9 quando elas s\u00e3o p\u00fablicas mas perdem o monop\u00f3lio para outros concorrentes. Elas n\u00e3o morrem, mas definham. O exemplo de Hirschman eram as antigas ferrovias, &nbsp;sufocadas pelas rodovias, e os exemplos atutais podem ser tanto os Correios quanto muitas universidades p\u00fablicas da regi\u00e3o, cujas greves e protestos se arrastam e cada vez menos se ouvem.<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(Publicado em O Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, 8 de maio de 2026) Em artigo recente, os economistas David Cutler e Edward Glaeser tratam de explicar como as universidades t\u00eam sido capazes de existir por mais de mil anos, e o papel importante que elas desempenharam e ainda desempenham em v\u00e1rias partes do mundo (&#8220;How Have &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.schwartzman.org.br\/sitesimon\/vida-e-morte-das-universidades\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Vida e Morte das Universidades&#8221;<\/span><\/a><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on get_the_excerpt 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